Clement of Rome

Clement quoted or alluded to Matthew, Luke, Romans, 1 Corinthians, Hebrews, Acts, 1 Peter, Ephesians, and James.

1 Clement [AD 95]

42:1-2
“The Apostles received the Gospel for us from the Lord Jesus Christ; Jesus Christ was sent forth from God. So then Christ is from God, and the Apostles are from Christ. Both therefore came of the will of God in the appointed order.”

Matthew

Paragraph 13:2 "Show mercy, that ye may obtain mercy"
(Matthew 5:7)

Paragraph 46:8 "for he said, Woe unto that man; it were good for him if he had never been born, rather than that he should cause one of my elect to offend. It were better for him that a millstone were tied about him, and that he were cast into the sea, rather than that he should cause one of my little ones to offend."
(Matthew 18:6)

Luke

Paragraph 46:8
“for he said, Woe unto that man; it were good for him if he had never been born, rather than that he should cause one of my elect to offend. It were better for him that a millstone were tied about him, and that he were cast into the sea, rather than that he should cause one of my little ones to offend.”
(Luke 17:2)

Romans

Paragraph 35:5-6
“…casting from us all unrighteousness and lawlessness, covetousness, strife, malice and fraud, whispering and evil speaking, hatred of God, pride and insolence, vainglory and churlishness. For they who do these things are hateful unto God, and not only they who do them, but also they who have pleasure in them that do them.”
(Romans 1:29-32)

Paragraph 37:5
“Let us take, for example, our body; the head is nothing without the feet, nor the feet without the head. The smallest members of the body are necessary and useful to the whole body, and all unite and work with harmonious obedience for the preservation of the whole body.”
(Romans 12:3-5)

1 Corinthians

Paragraph 47:1:2
“Take into your hands the epistle of the blessed Apostle Paul. What did he first write unto you in the beginning of his gospel?”

Paragraph 47:1
“Take up the epistle of the blessed Paul the Apostle.”

Hebrews

Paragraph 36:2
“who, being the brightness of His majesty, is by so much greater than the angels, as He has by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they.”
(Hebrews 1:3-4)

Paragraph 17:1
“Let us be imitators also of them which went about in goatskins and sheepskins, preaching the coming of Christ.”
(Hebrews 11:37)

Paragraph 36:3
“For so it is written Who maketh His angels spirits and His ministers aflame of fire”
(Hebrews 1:7)

Acts

Paragraph 5:4-5
”There was Peter who by reason of unrighteous jealousy endured not one not one but many labors, and thus having borne his testimony went to his appointed place of glory. By reason of jealousy and strife Paul by his example pointed out the prize of patient endurance. After that he had been seven times in bonds, had been driven into exile, had been stoned, had preached in the East and in the West, he won the noble renown which was the reward of his faith,”
(Acts 12 for Peter's imprisonment, Acts 28 for Paul's ministry in Rome).

Paragraph 42:4-5
“So preaching everywhere in country and town, they appointed their firstfruits, when they had proved them by the Spirit, to be bishops and deacons unto them that should believe. And this they did in no new fashion; for indeed it had been written concerning bishops and deacons from very ancient times; for thus saith the scripture in a certain place, I will appoint theirbishops in righteousness and their deacons in faith.”
(Acts 14:23, Acts 20:28)

1 Peter

Paragraph 49:5
“Love joineth us unto God; love covereth a multitude of sins; love endureth all things, is long-suffering in all things. There is nothing coarse, nothing arrogant in love. Love hath no divisions, love maketh no seditions, love doeth all things in concord. In love were all the elect of God made perfect; without love nothing is well pleasing to God:”
(1 Peter 4:8)

Ephesians

Paragraph 46:6
“Have we not [all] one God and one Christ? Is there not one Spirit of grace poured out upon us? And have we not one calling in Christ?”
(Ephesians 4:4-6)

James

30:2
“For God, He saith, resisteth the proud, but giveth grace to thelowly.”
(James 4:6)

31:2-3
“For what reason was our father Abraham blessed? Was it not because he wrought righteousness and truth through faith? Isaac, James 2:21 with perfect confidence, as if knowing what was to happen, cheerfully yielded himself as a sacrifice.”
(James 2:21)

Polycarp

Polycarp quoted or alluded to Matthew, Mark, Luke, Acts, Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Hebrews, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 3 John, and Jude.

Letter to the Philippians [AD 110-140]

Chapter 12
“For I trust that you are well versed in the Sacred Scriptures, and that nothing is hid from you; but to me this privilege is not yet granted. It is declared then in these Scriptures, Be angry, and sin not, and, Let not the sun go down upon your wrath.“

Matthew

Chapter 2:3
"Judge not, that you be not judged; forgive and you will be forgiven; be merciful, that you may be shown mercy; the measure you give will be the measure you get"....
(Matthew 7:1,2)

Chapter 7:2
"...to lead us not into temptation..."
(Matthew 6:13)

Chapter 7:2
"...The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak."
(Matthew 26:14)

Chapter 12:3
"...for those who persecute and hate you."
(Matthew 5:44)

Mark

Chapter 5:2
"...a servant of all...."
(Mark 9:35)

Luke

Chapter 2:3
"...blessed are the poor and those persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the Kingdom of God."
(Luke 6:20)

Acts

Chapter 1:2
"...whom God raised up, having loosed the pangs of Hades."
(Acts 2:24)

Chapter 2:1
"...judge of the living and the dead…"
(Acts 10:42)

Romans

Chapter 6:2
"...everyone shall stand before the judgment seat of Christ and each of us shall give an account of himself."
(Romans 14:10,12)

1 Corinthians

Chapter 4:3
"...the secrets of the heart".
(1 Corinthians 14:25)

Chapter 5:3
"... neither fornicators nor the effeminate nor homosexuals will inherit the Kingdom of God..."
(1 Corinthians 6:9,10)

Chapter 10:1
"...steadfast and immovable..."
(1 Corinthians 15:58)

Chapter 11:3
"...’do we not know that the saints will judge the world’, as Paul teaches?”
(1 Corinthians 6:2)

2 Corinthians

Chapter 2:2
“For ‘he who raised him from the dead will raise us also’...”
(2 Corinthians 4:14)

Chapter 6:2
”...and we must all appear at the judgment-seat of Christ, and must every one give an account of himself.”
(2 Corinthians 5:10)

Chapter 4:1
“... let us arm ourselves ‘with the weapons of righteousness’...”
(2 Corinthians 6:7)

Chapter 6:1
“...but ‘always taking thought for what is honorable in the sight of God and men’...”
(2 Corinthians 8:21)

Chapter 10:1
“...in ‘the gentleness of the Lord preferring one another’, and despising no one.”
(2 Corinthians 10:1)

Galatians

Chapter 3:3
“... ‘which is a mother of us all’...”
(Galatians 4:26)

Chapter 5:1
"...God is not mocked..."
(Galatians 6:7)

Chapter 12:3
“...and in ‘his Father who raised him from the dead’.”
(Galatians 1:1)

Ephesians

Chapter 1:3
"...you are saved by grace, not because of works...”
(Ephesians 2:5,8,9)

Chapter 3:1
"...the word of truth."
(Ephesians 1:13)

Chapter 12:1
“...as it is said in these Scriptures ‘be angry but sin not’ and ‘let not the sun go down on your anger’.”
(Ephesians 4:26)

Chapter 12:3
"Pray for all the saints."
(Ephesians 6:18)

Philippians

Chapter 2:1
"...to whom he subjected all things, whether in heaven or on earth..."
(Philippians 3:21)

Chapter 9:1
"...did not run in vain..."
(Philippians 2:16)

Chapter 12:3
"...the enemies of the cross..."
(Philippians 3:18)

1 Thessalonians

Chapter 11:2
"Shun evil of every kind."
(1 Thessalonians 5:22)

2 Thessalonians

Chapter 11:4
"...do not consider such persons as enemies..."
(2 Thessalonians 3:15)

1 Timothy

Chapter 4:1
“But ‘the love of money is the beginning of all evils’.”
(1 Timothy 6:10)

Chapter 4:1
"...we brought nothing into the world, and we cannot take anything out..."
(1 Timothy 6:7)

Chapter 12:3
"Pray also for emperors and magistrates and rulers..."
(1 Timothy 2:1)

2 Timothy

Chapter 5:2
"...we shall also reign with him..."
(2 Timothy 2:12)

Chapter 9:2
“For they ‘loved not this present world’...”
(2 Timothy 4:10)

Chapter 11:4
"May the Lord grant them true repentance."
(2 Timothy 2:25)

Hebrews

Chapter 6:3
“So then let us ‘serve him with fear and all reverence’...”
(Hebrews 12:28)

Chapter 12:2
“May God and the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, and ‘the eternal High Priest’ himself, the Son of God Jesus Christ, build you up in faith and truth and in all gentleness...”
(Hebrews 6:20, 7:3)

1 Peter

Chapter 1:3
“In him, ‘though you have not seen him, you believe with inexpressible and exalted joy’...”
(1 Peter 1:8,12)

Chapter 2:1
"Therefore, girding your loins, serve God in fear..."
(1 Peter 1:13)

Chapter 2:1
"...believing on him who raised our Lord Jesus Christ from the dead and gave him glory..."
(1 Peter 1:21)

Chapter 2:2
"...not returning evil for evil or abuse for abuse..."
(1 Peter 3:9)

Chapter 5:3
"...every passion of the flesh wages war against the Spirit..."
(1 Peter 2:11)

Chapter 7:2
"...watching unto prayer..."
(1 Peter 4:7)

Chapter 8:1
"...who bore our sins in his own body on the tree, who committed no sin, neither was guile found on his lips..."
(1 Peter 2:24)

Chapter 10:1
"...loving the brotherhood..."
(1 Peter 2:17)

Chapter 10:1
"...cherishing one another..."
(1 Peter 3:8)

2 Peter

Chapter 3:2
”...even as our beloved brother Paul also according to the wisdom given unto him...”
(2 Peter 3:15)

1 John

Chapter 7:1
“For ‘whosoever does not confess that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is antichrist’, and whosoever does not confess the testimony of the cross ‘is of the devil’...”
(1 John 4:2,3)

3 John

Chapter 10:1
"...fellow companions in the truth..."
(3 John 1:8)

Jude

Chapter 7:2
“...let us return to the word which has been handed down to us from the beginning;”
(Jude 1:3)

The only books Polycarp did not quote or allude to in this letter is John, Colossians, Titus, Philemon, James, 2 John, Revelation.

Irenaeus Of Lyons

Against Heresies [AD 175-185]

Irenaeus, an early Christian leader, quotes extensively from the New Testament in his work "Against Heresies." He quotes or alludes from:

4 Gospels 626 times (He strongly advocated for the canonicity of precisely four Gospels.)
Acts 54 times
Revelation 29 times.
[Dr. J. Hoh - The Teaching of St. Irenaeus on the New Testament]

Romans 84 times.
I Corinthians 102 times.
II Corinthians 18.
Galatians 27 times.
Ephesians 37 times.
Philippians 13 time.
Colossians 18 times.
I Thessalonians 2 times.
II Thessalonians 9 times.
I Timothy 5 times.
II Timothy 5 times.
Titus 4 times.
Hebrews 1 time. [Adversus Haereses 2.30.9/Hebrews 1:3]
James 2 times. [Adversus Haereses 4.16.2/James 2:23 and 5.1.1/James 1:18,22]
I Peter 1 time. [Adversus Haereses 5.7.2/1 Peter 1:8]
I & II John 2 [Adversus Haereses, 3.16.8/1 John 5:1 and 2 John 1:7].
[Grant, Robert M. The Formation of the New Testament.]

Regarding the New Testament canon, one finds in Adversus Haereses quotations or allusions from all the books of the New Testament with the exception of: Philemon, 2 Peter, 3 John, and Jude

Against Heresies (Book III, Chapter 11)

It is not possible that the Gospels can be either more or fewer in number than they are. For, since there are four zones of the world in which we live, and four principal winds, while the Church is scattered throughout all the world, and the "pillar and ground" of the Church is the Gospel and the spirit of life; it is fitting that she should have four pillars, breathing out immortality on every side, and vivifying men afresh. From which fact, it is evident that the Word, the Artificer of all, He that sitteth upon the cherubim, and contains all things, He who was manifested to men, has given us the Gospel under four aspects, but bound together by one Spirit. As also David says, when entreating His manifestation, "Thou that sittest between the cherubim, shine forth." For the cherubim, too, were four-faced, and their faces were images of the dispensation of the Son of God. For, [as the Scripture] says, "The first living creature was like a lion," symbolizing His effectual working, His leadership, and royal power; the second [living creature] was like a calf, signifying [His] sacrificial and sacerdotal order; but "the third had, as it were, the face as of a man,"-an evident description of His advent as a human being; "the fourth was like a flying eagle," pointing out the gift of the Spirit hovering with His wings over the Church. And therefore the Gospels are in accord with these things, among which Christ Jesus is seated.

For that according to John relates His original, effectual, and glorious generation from the Father, thus declaring, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." Also, "all things were made by Him, and without Him was nothing made." For this reason, too, is that Gospel full of all confidence, for such is His person. But that according to Luke, taking up [His] priestly character, commenced with Zacharias the priest offering sacrifice to God. For now was made ready the fatted calf, about to be immolated for the finding again of the younger son. Matthew, again, relates His generation as a man, saying, "The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham; " and also, "The birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise." This, then, is the Gospel of His humanity; for which reason it is, too, that [the character of] a humble and meek man is kept up through the whole Gospel. Mark, on the other hand, commences with [a reference to] the prophetical spirit coming down from on high to men, saying, "The beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, as it is written in Esaias the prophet,"-pointing to the winged aspect of the Gospel; and on this account he made a compendious and cursory narrative, for such is the prophetical character. And the Word of God Himself used to converse with the ante-Mosaic patriarchs, in accordance with His divinity and glory; but for those under the law he instituted a sacerdotal and liturgical service. Afterwards, being made man for us, He sent the gift of the celestial Spirit over all the earth, protecting us with His wings. Such, then, as was the course followed by the Son of God, so was also the form of the living creatures; and such as was the form of the living creatures, so was also the character of the Gospel. For the living creatures are quadriform, and the Gospel is quadriform, as is also the course followed by the Lord. For this reason were four principal (kaqolikai/) covenants given to the human race: one, prior to the deluge, under Adam; the second, that after the deluge, under Noah; the third, the giving of the law, under Moses; the fourth, that which renovates man, and sums up all things in itself by means of the Gospel, raising and bearing men upon heavenly kingdom.

These things being so, all who destroy the form of the Gospel are vain, unlearned, and also audacious; those, [I mean,] who represent the aspects of the Gospel as being either more in number than as aforesaid, or, on the other hand, fewer. The former class [do so], that they may seem to have discovered more than is of the truth; the latter, that they may set the dispensations of God aside. For Marcion, rejecting the entire Gospel, yea rather, cutting himself off from the Gospel, boasts that he has part in the [blessings of] the Gospel. Others, again (the Montanists), that they may set at nought the gift of the Spirit, which in the latter times has been, by the good pleasure of the Father, poured out upon the human race, do not admit that aspect [of the evangelical dispensation] presented by John's Gospel, in which the Lord promised that He would send the Paraclete; John 14:16, etc. but set aside at once both the Gospel and the prophetic Spirit. Wretched men indeed! Who wish to be pseudo-prophets, forsooth, but who set aside the gift of prophecy from the Church; acting like those (the Encratitæ) who, on account of such as come in hypocrisy, hold themselves aloof from the communion of the brethren. We must conclude, moreover, that these men (the Montanists) can not admit the Apostle Paul either. For, in his Epistle to the Corinthians, 1 Corinthians 11:4-5 he speaks expressly of prophetical gifts, and recognises men and women prophesying in the Church. Sinning, therefore, in all these particulars, against the Spirit of God, Matthew 12:31 they fall into the irremissible sin. But those who are from Valentinus, being, on the other hand, altogether reckless, while they put forth their own compositions, boast that they possess more Gospels than there really are. Indeed, they have arrived at such a pitch of audacity, as to entitle their comparatively recent writing the Gospel of Truth, though it agrees in nothing with the Gospels of the Apostles, so that they have really no Gospel which is not full of blasphemy. For if what they have published is the Gospel of truth, and yet is totally unlike those which have been handed down to us from the apostles, any who please may learn, as is shown from the Scriptures themselves, that that which has been handed down from the apostles can no longer be reckoned the Gospel of truth. But that these Gospels alone are true and reliable, and admit neither an increase nor diminution of the aforesaid number, I have proved by so many and such [arguments]. For, since God made all things in due proportion and adaptation, it was fit also that the outward aspect of the Gospel should be well arranged and harmonized. The opinion of those men, therefore, who handed the Gospel down to us, having been investigated, from their very fountainheads, let us proceed also to the remaining apostles, and inquire into their doctrine with regard to God; then, in due course we shall listen to the very words of the Lord.

Papias

FRAGMENTS OF PAPIAS [AD 190-210]

It is from Papias that we learn that Mark’s gospel is based on the preaching of Peter.

“For information on these points, we can merely refer our readers to the books themselves; but now, to the extracts already made, we shall add, as being a matter of primary importance, a tradition regarding Mark who wrote the Gospel, which he [Papias] has given in the following words]: And the presbyter said this. Mark having become the interpreter of Peter, wrote down accurately whatsoever he remembered. It was not, however, in exact order that he related the sayings or deeds of Christ. For he neither heard the Lord nor accompanied Him. But afterwards, as I said, he accompanied Peter, who accommodated his instructions to the necessities [of his hearers], but with no intention of giving a regular narrative of the Lord's sayings. Wherefore Mark made no mistake in thus writing some things as he remembered them. For of one thing he took especial care, not to omit anything he had heard, and not to put anything fictitious into the statements.”

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Grace be with all them that love our Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity. Amen.

- The Christian King